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Commodification

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="Commoditization" title="Commoditization">commoditization</a>.</div>

Commodification is the process of transforming inalienable, free, or gifted things (objects, services, ideas, nature, personal information, people or animals) into commodities, or objects for sale.<a href="#cite_note-humanbe22-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-thehum22-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-AniSlavBody2-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-commodification-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hearn-2017-5">[5]</a> It has a connotation of losing an inherent quality or social relationship when something is integrated by a capitalist marketplace.<a href="#cite_note-Hearn-2017-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Concepts that have been argued as being commodified include broad items such as the body,<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> intimacy,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> public goods,<a href="#cite_note-neolib.uga.edu-9">[9]</a> animals<a href="#cite_note-Nibert20112-10">[10]</a> and holidays.<a href="#cite_note-In_These_Times-2018-11">[11]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terminology">Terminology</h3></div>

The earliest use of the word "commodification" dates from 1975.<a href="#cite_note-commodification-4">[4]</a> Use of the concept of commodification became common with the rise of critical discourse analysis in <a href="Semiotics" title="Semiotics">semiotics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> The terms commodification and <a href="Commoditization" title="Commoditization">commoditization</a> are sometimes used synonymously,<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> to describe the process of making <a href="Commodity" title="Commodity">commodities</a> out of goods, services, and ideas.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a>

However, other authors distinguish them, with commodification used in social contexts to mean that a non-commercial good has become commercial, typically with connotations of "corrupted by commerce", while commoditization is used in business contexts to mean when the market for an existing product has become a commodity market, where products are interchangeable and there is heavy price competition. In a quip: "Microprocessors are commoditized. Love is commodified."<a href="#cite_note-surowiecki-16">[16]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Marxist_theory">In Marxist theory</h3></div>

The <a href="Commodity_(Marxism)" title="Commodity (Marxism)">Marxist understanding of commodity</a> is distinct from its meaning in business. Commodity played a key role throughout <a href="Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>'s work; he considered it a cell-form of <a href="Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> and a key starting point for an analysis of this politico-economic system.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Marx extensively criticized the social impact of commodification under the name <a href="Commodity_fetishism" title="Commodity fetishism">commodity fetishism</a> and <a href="Marx's_theory_of_alienation" title="Marx's theory of alienation">alienation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a>

Prior to being turned into a commodity, an object has a "specific individual use value".<a href="#cite_note-Hearn-2-19">[19]</a> After becoming a commodity, that same object has a different value: the amount for which it can be exchanged for another commodity.<a href="#cite_note-Hearn-2-19">[19]</a> According to Marx, this new value of the commodity is derived from the time taken to produce the good, and other considerations are obsolete, including morality, environmental impact, and aesthetic appeal.<a href="#cite_note-Hearn-2-19">[19]</a>

Marx claimed that everything would eventually be commodified: "the things which until then had been communicated, but never exchanged, given, but never sold, acquired, but never bought – virtue, love, conscience – all at last enter into commerce."<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mass_communication_studies">Mass communication studies</h3></div>

Media, as a culture <a href="Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">industry</a>, is apparent from the rise of mass communications to monetize a populace for profit. Research in critical cultural studies of media effects identify commodification of culture as a recent large contributing force for the disruption of a society by mass media. An example is the display of American culture to the population within its borders and abroad. The commodity being sold is the United States, but mediated to show only the most exciting, dramatic, attention-getting, emotion-rousing aspects. Media corporations are expert at analyzing and selecting appealing elements of the culture, then repackaging and enhancing those elements for a wide audience. The quest for large viewership creates an image that does not show boring, unpleasant, or minority aspects of the United States. The distribution of the alternate form of the culture, for profit, causes misconceptions and stereotyping along with disruption of the original folk culture. Within the United States, the commodification of culture is the mediated view of American society accepted as the culture and even advanced by the culture depicted; the example given is hip-hop and rap music artists stars "selling out". The United States, with media corporations less prone to governmental interference, is successful at spreading American culture worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-Davis,_D._K.-2015-21">[21]</a>

Critical cultural research reveal consequences for the lifting of bits of culture, remolding for a mass audience, then selling the alternate view. A few of repercussions of commodification of culture: Only selected, majority cultural practices are shown leaving out other important minority cultures which are overlooked and/or ignored. As in Hollywood movies, only the most exciting, dramatic, emotional aspects are presented while removing unpleasant, controversial or uninteresting aspects. The success of marketing a culture entails distributing as much content as possible to the largest audience, causing disruption of everyday life. Elite media industries are ignorant or deny effects of mass marketing, by avoidance or by explaining that the media has limited effects. There are many types of disruptions, some subtle, many obvious, including propagation of misconceptions, loss of sense of place, a major focus on entertainment, loss of childhood, cultivation, and a disruption of social conventions.<a href="#cite_note-Davis,_D._K.-2015-21">[21]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commodification_of_life">Commodification of life</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animal_commodification">Animal commodification</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Commodification_of_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Commodification of animals">Commodification of animals</a></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Animal-industrial_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal-industrial complex">Animal-industrial complex</a></div>

The commodification of animals is one of the earliest forms of commodification, which can be traced back to the time when <a href="Domestication" title="Domestication">domestication</a> of animals began.<a href="#cite_note-Nibert20112-10">[10]</a> It includes <a href="Human_uses_of_animals" title="Human uses of animals">the use of animals</a> in all forms,<a href="#cite_note-BestIntro20112-22">[22]</a>: xvi–xvii including use of animals for <a href="Factory_farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Factory farm">food</a>, <a href="Human_uses_of_animals#In_medicine" title="Human uses of animals">medicine</a>, <a href="Cosmetics#Animal_testing" title="Cosmetics">fashion and cosmetics</a>, <a href="Animal_testing" title="Animal testing">medical research</a>, <a href="Working_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Working animals">labor and transport</a>, <a href="Animals_in_sport" title="Animals in sport">entertainment</a>, <a href="Wildlife_trade" title="Wildlife trade">wildlife trade</a>, <a href="Pet_industry" title="Pet industry">companionship</a>, and so forth.<a href="#cite_note-BJC_Beirne20212-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Arcari20202-24">[24]</a> Scholars say that the commodification of nonhuman animals in food systems is directly linked to capitalist systems that prioritize "monopolistically inclined financial interests" over the well-being of humans, nonhumans, and the environment.<a href="#cite_note-Repka20192-25">[25]</a> Over 200 billion land and aquatic animals are killed every year to provide humans with animal products for consumption, which many scholars and activists have described as an "<a href="Holocaust_analogy_in_animal_rights" title="Holocaust analogy in animal rights">animal holocaust</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Benatar20152-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Best20142-27">[27]</a>: 29–32, 97 <a href="#cite_note-Hedges20152-28">[28]</a> The extensive use of land and other resources for the production of meat instead of grain for human consumption is a leading cause of malnutrition, hunger, and famine around the world.<a href="#cite_note-Nibert20112-10">[10]</a>: 204

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_commodification">Human commodification</h3></div>

Commodification of humans have been discussed in various context, from <a href="Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> to <a href="Surrogacy" title="Surrogacy">surrogacy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Auctions of cricket players by <a href="Indian_Premier_League" title="Indian Premier League">Indian Premier League</a>, <a href="Big_Bash_League" title="Big Bash League">Big Bash League</a> and others is also discussed to be a case of human commodification.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <a href="Virginity_auction" title="Virginity auction">Virginity auctions</a> are a further example of self-commodification.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Human commodity is a term used in case of human <a href="Organ_trade" title="Organ trade">organ trade</a>, paid surrogacy (also known as commodification of the womb), and <a href="Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">human trafficking</a>.<a href="#cite_note-humanbe22-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-thehum22-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-refbook-35">[35]</a> According to <a href="G%C3%B8sta_Esping-Andersen" title="Gøsta Esping-Andersen">Gøsta Esping-Andersen</a>, people are commodified or 'turned into objects' when selling their labour on the market to an employer.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Self-commodification">Self-commodification</h3></div>

Personal information through <a href="Social_networking_service" title="Social networking service">social networking services</a>, such as music purchases, how people identify, and user profiles are aggregated and sold to corporations and businesses for <a href="Microtargeting" title="Microtargeting">microtargeting</a>, advertising and marketing.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a>

<a href="Social_media_influencers" class="mw-redirect" title="Social media influencers">Social media influencers</a> are also a recent examples of self-commodification. A travel blogger is an instance of a mediated micro-celebrity, the social-media influencer, targeting a niche audience interested in visiting exotic locales. Social media networks expand the reach of this focused audience to make influencing a profitable profession. They commodify themselves by offering online journals, advice, thoughts, experiences along with photographs and videos, then make money by selling books, self-branding, blog subscriptions, and <a href="Advertorial" title="Advertorial">advertorials</a>. Trust and an increased audience are built by expressing a conversational style, a seemingly real experience by a real person, allowing users connect to the blogger as a friendly voice offering advice on travel choices.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commodification_of_culture">Commodification of culture</h2></div>

Commodification of culture refers to the process by which market forces change the very fabric of cultures. Through consumer capitalism, companies are able to influence things such as style, love and language. Critics argue this creates societal friction and leads to people growing disillusioned with reality. Companies often have opposing interests to the general population and yet still hold so much sway.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commodification_of_holidays">Commodification of holidays</h3></div>

Many holidays such as <a href="Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a>, <a href="Halloween" title="Halloween">Halloween</a> or <a href="Valentine's_Day" title="Valentine's Day">Valentine's Day</a> have been argued as having become commodified.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> The commodification of a holiday refers to making celebrations necessarily commercial and based on material goods, like gift giving, elaborate decorations, trick or treating, and card giving. Modern celebrations of many holidays are now more related to the commercial practices and profitable tactics than they are to the holidays' origins.<a href="#cite_note-Morton-2015-42">[42]</a> For some holidays, like Halloween, there are arguments that the commodification of the original holiday turned it into the celebrations that people now love.<a href="#cite_note-Morton-2015-42">[42]</a> The commodification of other holidays, like Christmas, sparks arguments about undoing the commercialization and getting back to the intended spirit of the holiday.<a href="#cite_note-In_These_Times-2018-11">[11]</a><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional">

<div class="gallerytext">Christmas</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Valentine's Day</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Halloween</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">St. Patrick's day</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Easter</div>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commodification_of_indigenous_cultures">Commodification of indigenous cultures</h3></div>

American author and feminist <a href="Bell_hooks" title="Bell hooks">bell hooks</a> described the cultural commodification of race and difference as the dominant culture "eating the other". To hooks, cultural expressions of <a href="Other_(philosophy)" title="Other (philosophy)">Otherness</a>, even revolutionary ones, are sold to the dominant culture for their enjoyment, with any messages of social change being marketed not for their messages but used as a mechanism for the dominant ones to acquire a piece of the "primitive".<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Any interests in past historical culture almost always have a modern twist. According to Mariana Torgovnick:<blockquote>What is clear now is that the West's fascination with the primitive has to do with its own crises in identity, with its own need to clearly demarcate subject and object even while flirting with other ways of experiencing the universe.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></blockquote>hooks states that <a href="Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">marginalized groups</a> are seduced by this concept because of "the promise of recognition and reconciliation".<blockquote>When the dominant culture demands that the Other be offered as sign that progressive political change is taking place, that the American Dream can indeed be inclusive of difference, it invites a resurgence of essentialist cultural nationalism.</blockquote>Commodification of indigenous cultures refers to "areas in the life of a community which prior to its penetration by tourism have not been within the domain of economic relations regulated by criteria of market exchange" (Cohen 1988, 372). An example of this type of cultural commodification can be described through viewing the perspective of Hawaiian cultural change since the 1950s. The Hawaiian <a href="L%C5%AB%CA%BBau" title="Lūʻau">lūʻau</a> was once a traditional party reserved for community members and local people, but through the rise of tourism, this tradition has lost part of its cultural meaning and is now mostly a "for profit" performance.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commodification_of_love">Commodification of love</h3></div>

Examples of profiting from love are the myriad <a href="The_Bachelor_(franchise)" title="The Bachelor (franchise)">The Bachelor</a> television shows, and the increase in luxury hotels catering to singles during Valentine's Day weekends.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commodification_of_media,_Internet_and_online_communities">Commodification of media, Internet and online communities</h3></div>

Digital commodification occurs when, a business or corporation uses information from an online community without their knowledge, for profit. The commodification of information allows a higher authority to make money rather than a collaborative system of free thoughts.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Corporations such as <a href="Google" title="Google">Google</a>, <a href="Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>, <a href="Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>, <a href="Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a>, and <a href="Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a> accelerate and concentrate the commodification of online communities.<a href="#cite_note-Hearn-2-19">[19]</a> Digital tracking, like <a href="HTTP_cookie" title="HTTP cookie">cookies</a>, have further commodified the use of the internet, giving each click, view, or stream monetary value, even if it is an interaction with free content.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commodification_of_public_goods">Commodification of public goods</h3></div>

<a href="Public_goods" class="mw-redirect" title="Public goods">Public goods</a> are goods for which users cannot be barred from accessing or using them for failing to pay for them. However, such goods can also be commodified by value addition in the form of products or services or both.<a href="#cite_note-neolib.uga.edu-9">[9]</a> Public goods like air<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> and water<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> can be subjected to commodification.

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Commodification_of_water" title="Commodification of water">Commodification of water</a></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commodification_of_subcultures">Commodification of subcultures</h3></div>

Various subcultures have been argued to as having become commodified, for example the <a href="Goth_subculture" title="Goth subculture">goth subculture</a>,<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> the biker subculture,<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> the tattoo subculture,<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> the <a href="Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a> subculture,<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> and others.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commodification_of_tourism">Commodification of tourism</h3></div>

Tourism has been analyzed in the context of commodification as a process of transforming local cultures and heritage into marketable goods.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shepherd_183–2012-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> The commodification of tourism removes local culture from the foreground, replacing it with profitability from non-residents. This may be in the form of entertainment, souvenirs, food markets, or others. Tourism leads, in part, to the commodification of indigenous cultures as people return from visits with partial ideas and representations of the culture.<a href="#cite_note-Shepherd_183–2012-62">[62]</a>

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<li><a href="Commercialization" title="Commercialization">Commercialization</a></li>

<li><a href="Commercialization_of_love" title="Commercialization of love">Commercialization of love</a></li>

<li><a href="Commodification_of_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Commodification of animals">Commodification of animals</a></li>

<li><a href="Commodification_of_nature" title="Commodification of nature">Commodification of nature</a></li>

<li><a href="Decommodification" title="Decommodification">Decommodification</a></li>

<li><a href="Deregulation" title="Deregulation">Deregulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Exchange_value" title="Exchange value">Exchange value</a></li>

<li><a href="Auction#Human_commodity_auctions" title="Auction">Human commodity auctions</a></li>

<li><a href="Privatization" title="Privatization">Privatization</a></li>

<li><a href="Value-form" title="Value-form">Value-form</a></li>

<li><a href="Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></li></ul>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFMaloney2015" class="citation web cs1">Maloney, Lauren (19 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nulawreview.org/extralegalrecent/the-commodification-of-human-beings">"The Commodification of Human Beings"</a>. nulawreview.org. Retrieved 26 February 2020.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-thehum22-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thehum22_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-thehum22_2-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFWilsterman2008" class="citation news cs1">Wilsterman, James M. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2008/6/4/the-human-commodity-nice-harvard-degree/">"The Human Commodity"</a>. thecrimson. thecrimson.com. Retrieved 26 February 2020.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-AniSlavBody2-3"><a href="#cite_ref-AniSlavBody2_3-0">^</a> For animals, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://comtrade.un.org/db/mr/rfCommoditiesList.aspx">"United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database"</a>, UN ComTrade; <a href="Josephine_Donovan" title="Josephine Donovan">Josephine Donovan</a>, "Aestheticizing Animal Cruelty," College Literature, 38(4), Fall 2011 (pp. 202–217), p. 203. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41302895">41302895</a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>For slaves as commodities, Appadurai 1986, pp. 84–85; David Hawkes, Shakespeare and Economic Theory, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2015, p. 130.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>For body commodification, Lesley A. Sharp, "The Commodification of the Body and Its Parts," Annual Review of Anthropology, 29, 2000 (pp. 287–328) p. 295ff. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/223423">223423</a>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div>

<ul><li>Farah, Paolo Davide, Tremolada Riccardo, Desirability of Commodification of Intangible Cultural Heritage: The Unsatisfying Role of IPRs, in TRANSNATIONAL DISPUTE MANAGEMENT, Special Issues "The New Frontiers of Cultural Law: Intangible Heritage Disputes", Volume 11, Issue 2, March 2014, <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1875-4120">1875-4120</a> Available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=2472339">SSRN.com</a></li>

<li>Farah, Paolo Davide, Tremolada Riccardo, Intellectual Property Rights, Human Rights and Intangible Cultural Heritage, Journal of Intellectual Property Law, Issue 2, Part I, June 2014, <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0035-614X">0035-614X</a>, Giuffre, pp. 21–47. Available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=2472388">SSRN.com</a></li>

<li>Schimank, Uwe and Volkmann, Ute (ed.): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509203320/http://welfare-societies.com/uploads/file/WelfareSocietiesConferencePaper-No1_Schimank_Volkmann.pdf">The Marketization of Society: Economizing the Non-Economic</a>. Bremen: Research Cluster "Welfare Societies", 2012.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

Polanyi, Karl. "The Self-Regulating Market," Economics as a Social Science, 2nd edn, 2004.

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</style><div id="Commodities_and_commoditization162" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Commodity" title="Commodity">Commodities</a> and <a href="Commoditization" title="Commoditization">commoditization</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Soft_commodity" title="Soft commodity">Soft commodities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Barley" title="Barley">Barley</a></li>

<li><a href="Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">Cocoa</a></li>

<li><a href="Coffee" title="Coffee">Coffee</a></li>

<li><a href="Cotton" title="Cotton">Cotton</a></li>

<li><a href="Cottonseed_oil" title="Cottonseed oil">Cottonseed oil</a></li>

<li><a href="Flaxseed" class="mw-redirect" title="Flaxseed">Flaxseed</a></li>

<li><a href="Maize" title="Maize">Maize</a></li>

<li><a href="Millet" title="Millet">Millet</a></li>

<li><a href="Orange_juice" title="Orange juice">Frozen orange juice</a></li>

<li><a href="Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">Olive oil</a></li>

<li><a href="Peanut_oil" title="Peanut oil">Peanut oil</a></li>

<li><a href="Potato" title="Potato">Potatoes</a></li>

<li><a href="Rapeseed" title="Rapeseed">Rapeseed</a></li>

<li><a href="Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">Rubber</a></li>

<li><a href="Soybean" title="Soybean">Soybean</a></li>

<li><a href="Soybean_oil" title="Soybean oil">Soybean oil</a></li>

<li><a href="Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugar</a></li>

<li><a href="Wheat" title="Wheat">Wheat</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Animals & <a href="Animal_product" title="Animal product">animal products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ambergris" title="Ambergris">Ambergris</a></li>

<li><a href="Bristle" title="Bristle">Bristle</a></li>

<li><a href="Butter" title="Butter">Butter</a></li>

<li><a href="Cashmere_wool" title="Cashmere wool">Cashmere</a></li>

<li><a href="Civet_(perfumery)" title="Civet (perfumery)">Civet</a></li>

<li><a href="Feather" title="Feather">Feathers</a></li>

<li><a href="Feeder_cattle" title="Feeder cattle">Feeder cattle</a></li>

<li><a href="Cattle" title="Cattle">Live cattle</a></li>

<li><a href="Goat" title="Goat">Goats</a></li>

<li><a href="Horse" title="Horse">Horses</a></li>

<li><a href="Ivory" title="Ivory">Ivory</a></li>

<li><a href="Pet_industry" title="Pet industry">Pet industry</a></li>

<li><a href="Pork_bellies" class="mw-redirect" title="Pork bellies">Pork bellies</a>

<ul><li><a href="Pork_bellies" class="mw-redirect" title="Pork bellies">Pork belly futures</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sheep" title="Sheep">Sheep</a></li>

<li><a href="Sponge" title="Sponge">Sponges</a></li>

<li><a href="Tallow" title="Tallow">Tallow</a></li>

<li><a href="Bone" title="Bone">Whalebone</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hard commodities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Energy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Compressed_hydrogen" title="Compressed hydrogen">Compressed hydrogen</a></li>

<li><a href="Petroleum" title="Petroleum">Crude oil</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethanol_fuel" title="Ethanol fuel">Ethanol</a></li>

<li><a href="Heating_oil" title="Heating oil">Heating oil</a></li>

<li><a href="Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">Natural gas</a></li>

<li><a href="Propane" title="Propane">Propane</a></li>

<li><a href="Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a></li>

<li><a href="Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Industrial metals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a></li>

<li><a href="Aluminium_alloy" title="Aluminium alloy">Aluminium alloy</a></li>

<li><a href="Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a></li>

<li><a href="Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a></li>

<li><a href="Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a></li>

<li><a href="Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a></li>

<li><a href="Steel" title="Steel">Steel</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Precious metals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a></li>

<li><a href="Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a></li>

<li><a href="Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Commodity_market" title="Commodity market">Commodity market</a></li>

<li><a href="Futures_contract" title="Futures contract">Futures contract</a></li>

<li><a href="Futures_exchange" title="Futures exchange">Futures exchange</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_commodities_exchanges" title="List of commodities exchanges">List of commodities exchanges</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_futures_exchanges" title="List of futures exchanges">List of futures exchanges</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Commodity_Exchange_Act" title="Commodity Exchange Act">Commodity Exchange Act</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul>

<li><a href="Commoditization" title="Commoditization">Commoditization</a></li>

<li><a href="Commodification_of_nature" title="Commodification of nature">Commodification of nature</a></li>

<li><a href="Commodification_of_water" title="Commodification of water">Commodification of water</a></li>

<li><a href="Commodity_status_of_animals" title="Commodity status of animals">Commodity status of animals</a></li>

<li><a href="Fictitious_commodities" title="Fictitious commodities">Fictitious commodities</a></li>

<li><a href="Heritage_commodification" title="Heritage commodification">Heritage commodification</a></li>

<li><a href="Value_(economics)" title="Value (economics)">Economic value</a></li>

<li><a href="Exchange_value" title="Exchange value">Exchange value</a></li>

<li><a href="Price" title="Price">Price</a></li>

<li><a href="Use_value" title="Use value">Use value</a>/<a href="Utility" title="Utility">utility</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_traded_commodities" title="List of traded commodities">List of traded commodities</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Marxist_phraseology_and_terminology391" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Marxist_phraseology_and_terminology391" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Marxist phraseology and terminology</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.25em;">Philosophy and politics (<a href="Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Barracks_communism" title="Barracks communism">Barracks communism</a></li>

<li><a href="Base_and_superstructure" title="Base and superstructure">Base and superstructure</a></li>

<li><a href="Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">Bourgeoisie</a></li>

<li><a href="Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Bourgeois democracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Bourgeois_nationalism" title="Bourgeois nationalism">Bourgeois nationalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Bourgeois_revolution" title="Bourgeois revolution">Bourgeois revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Bourgeois_right" title="Bourgeois right">Bourgeois right</a></li>

<li><a href="Bourgeois_socialism" title="Bourgeois socialism">Bourgeois socialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)" title="Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)">Capitalist mode of production</a></li>

<li><a href="Class_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li>

<li><a href="Dialectics" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialectics">Dialectics</a></li>

<li><a href="Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">Dictatorship of the proletariat</a></li>

<li><a href="Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">Historical materialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Liquidationism" title="Liquidationism">Liquidationism</a></li>

<li><a href="Lumpenproletariat" title="Lumpenproletariat">Lumpenproletariat</a></li>

<li><a href="Means_of_labor" title="Means of labor">Means of labor</a></li>

<li><a href="Metabolic_rift" title="Metabolic rift">Metabolic rift</a></li>

<li><a href="Petite_bourgeoisie" title="Petite bourgeoisie">Petite bourgeoisie</a></li>

<li><a href="Primitive_accumulation_of_capital" title="Primitive accumulation of capital">Primitive accumulation of capital</a></li>

<li><a href="Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Proletarian_revolution" title="Proletarian revolution">Proletarian revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Pure_communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Pure communism">Pure communism</a></li>

<li><a href="Revisionism_(Marxism)" title="Revisionism (Marxism)">Revisionism</a></li>

<li><a href="Revolutionary_spontaneity" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary spontaneity">Revolutionary spontaneity</a></li>

<li><a href="Revolutionary_wave" title="Revolutionary wave">Revolutionary wave</a></li>

<li><a href="Scientific_socialism" title="Scientific socialism">Scientific socialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">Socialist mode of production</a></li>

<li><a href="Super-imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Super-imperialism">Super-imperialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Theoretician_(Marxism)" title="Theoretician (Marxism)">Theoretician</a></li>

<li><a href="Two-stage_theory" title="Two-stage theory">Two-stage theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li>

<li><a href="Workers_of_the_world%2C_unite!" title="Workers of the world, unite!">Workers of the world, unite!</a></li>

<li><a href="Workers'_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' council</a></li>

<li><a href="Workers'_control" title="Workers' control">Workers' control</a></li>

<li><a href="World_communism" title="World communism">World communism</a></li>

<li><a href="World_revolution" title="World revolution">World revolution</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.25em;">Sociology and economics (<a href="Marxian_critique_of_political_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxian critique of political economy">Marxian</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li>

<li><a href="Capitalism#Capital_accumulation" title="Capitalism">Accumulation of capital</a></li>

<li><a href="Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">Capital</a></li>

<li><a href="Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)" title="Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)">Capitalist mode of production</a></li>

<li><a href="Crisis_theory" title="Crisis theory">Crisis of capitalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Commanding_heights_of_the_economy" title="Commanding heights of the economy">Commanding heights of the economy</a></li>

<li><a href="Commodity_(Marxism)" title="Commodity (Marxism)">Commodity</a></li>

<li><a href="Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)" title="Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)">Commodity production</a></li>

<li><a href="Dominant_ideology" title="Dominant ideology">Dominant ideology</a></li>

<li><a href="Exchange_value" title="Exchange value">Exchange value</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_association_(communism_and_anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free association (communism and anarchism)">Free association</a></li>

<li><a href="Law_of_value" title="Law of value">Law of value</a></li>

<li><a href="Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Means_of_production" title="Means of production">Means of production</a></li>

<li><a href="Mode_of_production" title="Mode of production">Mode of production</a></li>

<li><a href="Productive_forces" title="Productive forces">Productive forces</a></li>

<li><a href="Production_for_use" title="Production for use">Production for use</a></li>

<li><a href="Relations_of_production" title="Relations of production">Relations of production</a></li>

<li><a href="Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling class</a></li>

<li><a href="Simple_commodity_production" title="Simple commodity production">Simple commodity production</a></li>

<li><a href="Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">Socialist mode of production</a></li>

<li><a href="Socially_necessary_labour_time" title="Socially necessary labour time">Socially necessary labour time</a></li>

<li><a href="Socialization_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialization (economics)">Socialization</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_murder" title="Social murder">Social murder</a></li>

<li><a href="Subject_of_labor" title="Subject of labor">Subject of labor</a></li>

<li><a href="Surplus_value" title="Surplus value">Surplus value</a></li>

<li><a href="Use_value" title="Use value">Use value</a></li>

<li><a href="Value_(economics)" title="Value (economics)">Value</a></li>

<li><a href="Worker_cooperative" title="Worker cooperative">Worker cooperative</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.25em;"><a href="Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxist–Leninist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anti-revisionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-revisionism">Anti-revisionism</a></li>

<li><a href="Professional_revolutionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional revolutionaries">Cadre</a></li>

<li><a href="Central_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Committee">Central Committee</a></li>

<li><a href="Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">Democratic centralism</a></li>

<li><a href="Dual_power" title="Dual power">Dual power</a></li>

<li><a href="Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">Enemy of the people</a></li>

<li><a href="General_line_of_the_party" title="General line of the party">General line of the party</a></li>

<li><a href="National_liberation_(Marxism)" title="National liberation (Marxism)">National liberation</a></li>

<li><a href="New_class" title="New class">New class</a></li>

<li><a href="People's_democracy_(Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism)" class="mw-redirect" title="People's democracy (Marxism–Leninism)">People's democracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Politburo" title="Politburo">Politburo</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_rehabilitation" title="Political rehabilitation">Political rehabilitation</a></li>

<li><a href="Popular_front" title="Popular front">Popular front</a></li>

<li><a href="Real_socialism" title="Real socialism">Real socialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Revisionism_(Marxism)" title="Revisionism (Marxism)">Revisionism</a></li>

<li><a href="Revolutionary_terror" title="Revolutionary terror">Revolutionary terror</a></li>

<li><a href="Secretariat_(administrative_office)" title="Secretariat (administrative office)">Secretariat</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-criticism_(Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-criticism (Marxism–Leninism)">Self-criticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Socialist_accumulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist accumulation">Socialist accumulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Socialism_in_one_country" title="Socialism in one country">Socialism in one country</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_fascism" title="Social fascism">Social fascism</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_imperialism" title="Social imperialism">Social imperialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Soviet_democracy" title="Soviet democracy">Soviet democracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Democracy_in_Marxism" title="Democracy in Marxism">Democracy in Marxism</a></li>

<li><a href="United_front" title="United front">United front</a></li>

<li><a href="Vanguardism" title="Vanguardism">Vanguardism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.25em;"><a href="Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Deformed_workers'_state" title="Deformed workers' state">Deformed workers' state</a></li>

<li><a href="Degenerated_workers'_state" title="Degenerated workers' state">Degenerated workers' state</a></li>

<li><a href="French_Turn" title="French Turn">French Turn</a></li>

<li><a href="Permanent_revolution" title="Permanent revolution">Permanent revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_revolution" title="Social revolution">Social revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Transitional_demand" title="Transitional demand">Transitional demand</a></li>

<li><a href="Uneven_and_combined_development" title="Uneven and combined development">Uneven and combined development</a></li>

<li><a href="United_front" title="United front">United front</a></li>

<li><a href="World_revolution" title="World revolution">World revolution</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.25em;"><a href="Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Antagonistic_contradiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Antagonistic contradiction">Antagonistic contradiction</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-revisionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-revisionism">Anti-revisionism</a></li>

<li><a href="Capitalist_roader" title="Capitalist roader">Capitalist roader</a></li>

<li><a href="Continuous_revolution_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuous revolution theory">Continuous revolution theory</a></li>

<li><a href="The_East_wind_prevails_over_the_West_wind" title="The East wind prevails over the West wind">The East wind prevails over the West wind</a></li>

<li><a href="Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism%E2%80%93Maoism" title="Marxism–Leninism–Maoism">Marxism–Leninism–Maoism</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="New Democracy">New Democracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Whole-process_people's_democracy" title="Whole-process people's democracy">Whole-process people's democracy</a></li>

<li><a href="One_Divides_Into_Two" class="mw-redirect" title="One Divides Into Two">One Divides Into Two</a></li>

<li><a href="People's_war" title="People's war">People's war</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_power_grows_out_of_the_barrel_of_a_gun" title="Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun">Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun</a></li>

<li><a href="Revisionism_(Marxism)" title="Revisionism (Marxism)">Revisionism</a></li>

<li><a href="Revolutionary_base_area" title="Revolutionary base area">Revolutionary base area</a></li>

<li><a href="Revolution_is_not_a_dinner_party" title="Revolution is not a dinner party">Revolution is not a dinner party</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_imperialism" title="Social imperialism">Social imperialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Struggle_session" title="Struggle session">Struggle session</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.25em;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="People's_Multiparty_Democracy" title="People's Multiparty Democracy">People's Multiparty Democracy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-08-06" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Commodification&oldid=1304430327">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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